There was worse to come: America's iceberg lettuce, a tightly packed ball of tastelessness which got its name from the blocks of ice used to preserve it as it travelled from California to the east coast. It had its uses – it lasted forever, and provided crunch in a BLT, for instance – but again, its main asset was the dressing that you smothered over its anaemic leaves.Then came the rocket revolution. Salad rocket, originally called roquette, was introduced to the British market by a Hampshire-based farmer called Steve Rothwell, whose friends soon nicknamed him the Rocket Scientist. Actually, his true love was, and still is, watercress – he even boasts of being the first person in the UK to have a PhD in the subject. We'd eaten watercress for generations, but feisty rocket was one step further, so Rothwell trod carefully. "M&S, whom we launched with in 1988, sold it in 1oz punnets as it was worried the leaves would be too much for their customers in larger quantities," recalls Rothwell, whose name was later adopted for Vitacress's Steve's Leaves brand. "Then Delia Smith discovered it and featured it on a TV show, and stocks were cleaned out."
Our palates were emboldened, packet sizes increased and we're now chomping on a far fiercer leaf, wild rocket (oddly unrelated), blow-your-mouth-off wasabi rocket, and a host of other perkily peppery leaves. "People want to challenge their taste buds," Rothwell says. "As with chillies, the hotter, the better."
There are gentler newcomers to the salad bowl, too, such as spinach. "Before the late Eighties, spinach was a vegetable with long stalks that you boiled," Rothwell says. "Although people – including my boss – thought I was mad at the time, we introduced raw spinach as a salad leaf. We cut the leaves when they were still baby-sized to make them more palatable."
Baby is the operative word. Just as we adore the flavour-packed tenderness of baby vegetables, we want our salad leaves baby-sized, too – not only for taste, tenderness and convenience but also appearance. A whole leaf of wine-red-veined chard or a delicate fennel-top frond is a miniature work of art.
"People used to be happy with torn iceberg lettuce leaves, but now they're far more demanding," says Ed Scott, the assistant harvest manager at Riverford Organic Farms, which includes salad leaves in its weekly veg boxes. "Customers want flavour, colour, texture and shape."
According to the British Leafy Salad Association, we're consuming more leafy salads than ever. Last year, a record 786 million bags, bowls and heads of lettuce were sold, an increase of more than 23.5 million on the year before. Steve's Leaves says that sales are rocketing (excuse the pun) by a phenomenal 60 per cent year-on-year.
Often taking their cue from chefs, growers are exciting our taste buds with ever-more interesting leaves. The leafy list now ranges from frilly-edged red mustards to aniseedy fennel tops, fiery rockets and subtle pea-shoots. Guy Watson, of Riverford, is crazy about red-rib dandelion, whose bitter leaves are great with creamy, salty foods such as blue cheeses. Bitterness, he believes, is a definite new trend.
Another new kid on the block is Persian cress, which looks like a frilly flat-leaf parsley but tastes sweet, aromatic and mildly peppery. It has just gone on sale in Waitrose, and chefs are loving it.
The two-Michelin-starred Daniel Clifford, from Cambridge's Midsummer House, for instance, uses it in his fresh crab and tomato salad starter. "Persian cress is the perfect partner with seafood – it brings a mild pepperiness without overpowering it. It looks fabulous, too," he says. Clifford also likes Persian cress with roasted vegetables, such as peppers, aubergines and courgettes (see recipe).
With feisty, show-stopping salad leaves the heroes of our plates rather than an afterthought, we've come a long way from the flabby Seventies and Eighties.
As Guy Watson says, "Now we've tasted truly fresh salads with myriad colours, flavours and textures, there's no going back." Maybe even my dad would take a nibble.
Persian cress pesto and vegetable salad
Persian cress pesto and vegetable salad
By Daniel Clifford
Ingredients to serve 2
To roast:
Half a red pepper
Half a yellow pepper
Half a small aubergine
Half a red onion
Half a courgette
1 sprig of rosemary
2 cloves of garlic
2 tablespoons of olive oil
Half a yellow pepper
Half a small aubergine
Half a red onion
Half a courgette
1 sprig of rosemary
2 cloves of garlic
2 tablespoons of olive oil
For the pesto:
60g of Persian cress and/or mixed leaves
1 clove of garlic
1 tablespoon of toasted pine nuts
15g of Parmesan, grated
75ml of extra-virgin olive oil
1 clove of garlic
1 tablespoon of toasted pine nuts
15g of Parmesan, grated
75ml of extra-virgin olive oil
For the salad:
125g of quinoa
Half a teaspoon of tomato paste
Zest of half a lemon
60g of Persian cress
20g toasted pine nuts
4 large basil leaves, torn
8 cherry tomatoes, halved (100g)
Half a teaspoon of tomato paste
Zest of half a lemon
60g of Persian cress
20g toasted pine nuts
4 large basil leaves, torn
8 cherry tomatoes, halved (100g)
De-seed the peppers and cut into rough 3cm squares. Cut the aubergine, red onion and courgette to the same size and transfer them all to a roasting tray. Break up the rosemary, peel and thinly slice the garlic and add to the vegetables. Toss in the oil and season lightly with sea salt. Bake for 20-25 minutes, stirring halfway through. Leave to cool.
Place all the pesto ingredients into a blender and blend – blend more for a smoother pesto, less for a rustic one. Rinse the quinoa under cold water, then place in a saucepan with 250ml of water and the tomato purée and bring to the boil.
Reduce the heat and simmer for 10 minutes. Remove from the heat, cover and allow to cool slightly. Stir in the lemon zest and season to taste. Assemble the salad by folding the roasted vegetables through the warm quinoa. Dress the Persian cress with pesto and place on the quinoa. Garnish with toasted pine nuts, basil and cherry tomatoes.
